Abstract: To explore the differences in cognitive degree and manipulability of authorship among medical researchers,a themed questionnaire was developed using the Likert scale as the scoring criterion. The variables in the theoretical model were set as the cognitive degree and practical difficulty of authorship. Questionnaires were distributed to the authors of the two journals,Chinese Journal of Orthopedics and Orthopaedic Surgery,via Wechat and Email. Questionnaires were also distributed to orthopedic doctors and researchers through conference presentations and academic Wechat groups. The data of the retrieved valid questionnaires were summarized and statistically analyzed to determine the items with a large gap between the cognitive degree of authorship and the score of practical operation difficulty. The issue of authorship disputes is widespread during the research and publication stages of clinicians and researchers,and the proportion of researchers who have experienced authorship disputes is even higher. There are differences in the cognitive degree and manipulability of the basic requirements for authorship. The more articles are published,the higher the manipulability of authorship.

Key words: authorship, cognitive degree, manipulability, norms, questionnaire, data analysis